Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.
Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.
People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
57. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.
A) the consequences of lying in various communications media
B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media(D)
58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.
A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C) people are most likely to lie in email communication
D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations(A)
59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?
A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.
C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.(A)
60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.
A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers
B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively(B)
61. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company(C)
这是一篇讲述交流途径与说谎频度的关系的文章。全文共6小段。第一段一共三句话，这三句话对全文内容进行了精炼的介绍。前两句指明有关研究(honesty across a range of communication media，交流媒介不同，诚实程度也不同)的成果：电话交流的说谎频度是电子邮件交流的二倍。最后一句指出了原因：电子邮件可被自动记录，并可以回查。文章随后的5段均是对有关研究的具体情形和现象背后的原因的详述。
第二段介绍了有关研究的详情：研究者(Jeff Hancock)，实验内容(30 students to keep a communications diary for a week)，和实验结果(各种媒介的说谎率为14%——37%)。
第三段指出这个结果十分出人意料(surprised psychologists)，为下文进一步说明出现这种结果的原因做好了铺垫。
随后的第四、五段说明了原因，一个是对话可否被记录和再查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread)，一个是对话是否为实时交流(whether it occurs in real time)。
最后一段指出这一研究成果的用途(elp companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate)。
这种在开头先将核心内容和盘托出、随后进行详述的写法是典型的金字塔式写法，在欧美报纸上惯常出现，原因是人们浏览报纸的时间有限，一篇报道必须在开头就将文章大意向读者说明，否则行文拖沓，很可能会被读者抛之一旁。 |
